Showing posts with label India. Show all posts
Showing posts with label India. Show all posts

అణు సామర్థ్యం కలిగిన పృథ్వి-II క్షిపణి ప్రయోగం విజయవంతం

భారత్ పూర్తీ స్వదేశీ పరిజ్ఞానంతో రూపొందించిన అణు ఆయుధాలను మోసుకుపోగల సామర్ధ్యం గల పృథ్వి-II క్షిపణిని రక్షణశాఖ 26 నవంబర్ 2015న ఒడిషా తీరంలోని చాందీపూర్ విజయవంతంగా పరీక్షించింది.
భూతలం నుంచి భూతల లక్ష్యాలను ఛేదించే సామర్థ్యం కలిగిన ఈ క్షిపణిని చాందీపూర్ ఇంటిగ్రేటెడ్ టెస్ట్ రేంజ్ (ఐటిఆర్)లోని మూడవ లాంచ్ కాంప్లెక్స్‌ నుంచి మొబైల్ లాంచర్ పైనుంచి ఉదయం 12 గంటల 10 నిమిషాలకు సైన్యంలో ప్రత్యేకంగా ఏర్పాటు చేసిన స్ట్రాటజిక్ ఫోర్సెస్ కమాండ్ ఈ పరీక్షను నిర్వహించింది.
350 కిలో మీటర్ల దూరంలో లక్ష్యాన్ని చేధించగల సామర్ధ్యం ఉన్న పృథ్వి-2 క్షిపణి 1000 కిలోల బరువు ఉన్న అణు ఆయుధాలను మోసుకోనిపోగల సామర్ధ్యం కలిగి ఉంది.
2003లో సైన్యం అమ్ముల పొదిలో చేరిన పృథ్వి క్షిపణ మన దేశం ప్రతిష్ఠాత్మకంగా చేపట్టిన ఇంటిగ్రేటెడ్ క్షిపణి అభివృద్ధి కార్యక్రమంలో భాగంగా రూపొందించిన తొలి క్షిపణి.
2014లో కూడా ఈ క్షిపణిని ఒడిషా తీరంలోని చాందీపూర్ పరీక్షించారు.

High Courts in the State


High Courts in the State

1.Appointment is made by President after consulting Chief Justice of India and High Court and Governor of the State.
2.He shall have put in 10 years Judicial Office or 10 years practice as Advocate of High Court. Maximum age is 62.
3.After retirement he can practice only in Supreme Court and in other High Courts.
4. Art.222, President can transfer Judges after consulting Chief Justice of India.
5.Art.224 additional – acting judge may be appointed by President for 2 years if there is temporary increase in the business of High Court or by reason of arrears.
6.As per 224 A-retired Judge can be appointed in High Court by Chief Justice of High Court with previous consent of President.
7 226 Writ powers is given – provision of stay without hearing other party 8.Jurisdiction of High Court to Union Territories can be made by Parliament and Parliament can establish one High Court for 2 or more states.
9.As on date 21 High Courts are in existence. Calcutta, Madras and Bombay were established in 1862 – Allahabad in 1866 – Karnataka in 1884. Patna in 1916 and Jammu and Kashmir in 1928. Gauhathi, Chandigarh, Bombay High Courts serves 2 or more states. The following High Courts have benches also. Allahabad, Bombay, Calcutta, Guwathi, Jabalpur, Patna and Jodhpur in Rajasthan.


Important Committees of India


Following are the Important Committees

1.Public Accounts Committee; constituted in 1923 - Consist of 22 Members – 15 from Lok Sabha and 7 from Rajya Sabha – Rajya Sabha Members can not vote. Ministers cannot be Members. From 1967 Member of opposition is Chairman. It has following important functions:
i) Examine Public Accounts of Government of India and report of CAG.
ii)Examine Whether money has been spent as authorized for the purpose. Point out waste- corruption – inefficiency etc.
iii)However it is not concerned with the policy making.
2.Estimate Committee created in 1950 with 30 Members all from Lok Sabha and if Deputy Speaker is Member, he becomes Chairman. Its functionsare
I.What economy, Improvement needed. II.Examine whether money is well laid out within the limit of the policy. III.Suggests alternative policy. IV.Suggests the form in which estimate shall be presented. However it will not prepare the estimate.
3.Committee on Public Undertakings – created in 1963.
On the recommendations of the Krishna Menan –22 Members and 15 from Lok Sabha. Every year 1/5 Members retire. The Chairman from Lok Sabha. It examines report and Accounts of Public Undertakings and considers the report of CAG on Public Undertakings. It also examine whether affairs of Public Undertakings are properly managed.
4.Business Advisory Committee ---- Constituted in both the Houses with 15 Members. Speaker or Chairman act as Ex-Officio Chairman -allocate the business of the house.
5.Committee on Private Members Bill and Resolutions - Lok Sabha Committee with 15 Members and chaired by Deputy Speaker.
6.Committee on Petitions – Separate Committee under both Houses. Ministers cannot become a Member.
7.Committee on Privileges - Separate Committee in both Houses.
8.Committee on Subordinate Legislations. Committee on both Houses. Ministers cannot be Member
9.Committee on Absent of Members from the sitting of House - .Not constituted in Rajya Sabha.
10.Rules Committee – In both Houses – Speaker or Chairman as Ex-officio Chairman.
11.Committee on Welfare of SC/ST – Joint Committee of both Houses with 20 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha.
12.Committee on Science and Technology - Joint Committee with 15 from Lok Sabha and 7 from Rajya Sabha.
13) COMMITTEE ON EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
On the occasion of International Women's Day on 8th March, 1996, two identical resolutions for constituting a Standing Committee of both the Houses for improving the status of women were moved in the Rajya Sabha and the Lok SabhaThe Committee consist of 30 Members, 20 nominated by the Speaker from amongst the Members of Lok Sabha and 10 nominated by the Chairman, Rajya Sabha from amongst the Members of the Rajya Sabha. A Minister cannot be nominated a Member of the Committee and if a Member after his nomination to the Committee is appointed a Minister, he ceases to be a Member of the Committee from the date of such appointment.
14) COMMITTEE ON MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT SCHEME (MPLADS)
The Committee on Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (Lok Sabha), an ad hoc Committee was constituted for the second time on 7 Janaury, 2000 under the discretionary powers of SpeakerA Minister is not eligible to become a Member of the Committee. If a Member after his election to the Committee is appointed a Minister, he ceases to be a Member of the Committee from the date of such appointment. The term of the Committee does not exceed one year. Functions (a) to monitor and review periodically the permormance and problems in implementation of the MPLADS Scheme (Lok Sabha); (b) to consider complaints of memebr sof Lok Sabha in regard to the Scheme; and (c) to perform such other functions in respect of the MPLAD Scheme as may be assigned to it by the Speaker from time to time.
Over all Analysis:
1.Estimate Committee, Private Members Bill and Absent of Members are only from Lok Sabha.
2.PAC, Public Undertakings Committee, SC/ST Committee and Science and Technology Committee are Joint Committees.
3.Business Advisory Committee and Rules Committee are headed by Speaker.4.Ministers cannot be Members in Public Accounts Committee, Committee on Subordinate Legislation and Committee on Petitions, Women Empowerment MPLADS
They can also be classified on performance basis.
1
Finance Committees
PAC, Estimates Committee, Public Undertakings
2
House Committees
Business Advisory, Rules, Pvt Members Bills, Absent of Members
3
Enquiry Committee
Privilege, Petitions
4
Scrutiny Committees
Subordinate Legislation, SC/ST, Papers laid on the Table,
5
DeptRelatedCommittees to scrutinize Demands of various Depts
17 – consist of 30 from Lok Sabha and 15 from Rajya Sabha—6 constituted by Chairman Rajya Sabha and 15 by Speaker.


GOVERNOR-GENERALS AND VICEROYS OF INDIA



GOVERNOR-GENERALS AND VICEROYS

ROBERT CLIVE 1757-60 AND 1765-67: Battle of Buxar- Siraj Ud doula- Dual Govt in Bengal- First Treaty of Allahbad in 1765 with Shuja ud Doula and second with Shah Alam II..First Governor of Bengal. Battle of Plassey was in 1764 and Governor was Pensitrat
Warren Hastings (1772-85) First Governor-General of Bengal.

Creation of the post of Collector- Regulating Act of 1773

The Act of 1781 (it made a clear demarcation between the jurisdiction of the Governor General-in-Council and that of then Supreme Court at Calcutta).
-Pitt’s India Act of 1784.--The Rohila war (1774) and annexation of Rohilkhand by the Nawab of Oudh with help of the British.---First Maratha war (1775-82) and the Treaty of Salbai (1782).--Second Mysore war (1780-84) (First one was fought in 1766-69).--Nand Kumar episode (1775) First English translation Gita by Charles Wilkins --Foundation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal by Hastings and Sir William Jones (1784). After his return to England (1785), impeachment proceedings were started against him. After a prolonged trial (seven years), he was finally acquitted.
Lord Cornwalls (1786-93)
Third Mysore War (1790-92) and the Treaty of Seringapatam (1792).
Permanent revenue settlement.Reform of the judiciary- Creation OF district Judge (1793) – Code Europeonisation of Civil Service.
Sir John Shore (1793-98)
In the introduction of the permanent settlement (1793) he played an important role as the President of the Board of Revenue, but his Governor-Generalship was very uneventful.
Lord Wellesley (1798-1805)
Introduction of the system of Subsidiary Alliance (1798), and the first Subsidiary Treaty with the Nizam of Hyderabad (1798)-Fourth Mysore War (1799) and the annexation of many parts of Mysore.-Subsidiary Treaty of Bassein (1802) and Second Maratha War (1803-05).
  • Formation of the Madras Presidency after the annexation of the kingdoms of Tanjore and Carnatic.
  • Fort Williams- Training College.
Lord Minto I (1807-13)Before Minto, Sir George Barlow was the governor-general for two years (1805-07). Main event was the Vellore Mutiny (1806).
Treaty of Amritsar with Ramjit Singh (1809).--Charter Act of 1813
Lord Hastings (1813-23)
War with Nepal or the Gorkha War (1814-16); due to his success in this war, he was made Marquis of Hastings (1816).
  • Third Maratha War (1817-1818) – abolition of Peshwaship and annexation of all his territories, and creation of the Bombay Presidency (1818).
  • Pindari wars (1817-1818).
  • Introduction of the ryotwari settlement in Madras Presidency by governor, Thomas Munro (1820).
Lord Amherst (1823-28)First Burmese War (1824-26)Capture of Bharatpur (1826)
Lord William Bentinck (1828-35)- First Governor General of India.
Prohibition of sati (1829).
  • Suppression of thuggee (1829-35).-Charter Act of 1833.
  • Macaulay’s Minutes and introduction of English as the medium of instruction (1833)
  • Visit of Rammohan Roy to England (1830) and his death there (1833).
  • Deposition of the Raja of Mysore and annexation of his territories (1831).
Charles Metcafle 1835-36- Famous Press law and Liberator of Press in India
Lord Auckland (1835-42)
First Afghan War (1836-42) – disaster of the British in the war and recall of Auckland.-Death of Ranjit Singh (1839).
Lord Ellenborough (1842-44).
Termination of the first Afghan war (1842).
  • Conquest and annexation of Sind (1843)-War with Gwalior (1843).
Lord Hardinge (1844-48)
First Sikh war (1845-46) and treaty of Lahore (1846)
Prohibition of female infanticide and suppression of the practice of human sacrifice among the Gonds of central India.
Lord Dalhousie (1848-56)
Second Sikh war (1848-49) and annexation of the Punjab.
  • Second Burmesewar (1852) and annexation of Lower Burma.
  • Charter Act of 1853.
  • Application of the Doctrine of Lapse and annexation of Satara (1848), Sambalpur (1849), Jhansi (1853) Nagpur (1854), etc.
  • Annexation of Oudh (1856).
  • Wood’s (President of the Board of Control) Education Despatch of 1854 and British assumption of the responsibility of educating the masses.
  • Introduction of the Railways (First train-Bombay to Thana), Telegraph (First line-Calcutta to Agra) and the Postal System in 1853.
  • Widow/Remarriage Act (1856)
  • Establishment of a separate Public Works Department in every province.
  • Santhal uprising (1855-56)
Lord Canning (1856-57)
Establishment of three universities (at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay) in 1857.
  • Revolt of 1857.
VICEROYS (1858-62)
Lord Canning (1858-62)-First Viceroy
Queen Victoria’s Proclamation and the India Act of 1858.
  • ‘White Mutiny’ by the European troops of the EICO in 1859.
India Councils Act of 1861. Portfolio system. Withdrawl of Doctrine of Lapse
Lord Elgin I (1862)
His sudden death in 1862; administration carried on by Sir Napier and Sir Denison from 1862 to 1864.
Lord John Lawrence (1864-69)
War with Bhutan in 1865.
Establishment of the High Courts at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1865.
Lord Mayo (1869-72)
Establishment of two colleges for the education and political training of the Indian Princes-the Rajkot College in Kathiawar and the Mayo college at Ajmer in Rajasthan.
  • First step in the direction of separation of central and provincial finances in 1870.-Organisation of Statistical Survey of India.First Census
Establishment of a Department of Agriculture and Commerce.Beginning of the system of State Railways.His assassination by a convict in the Andamans in 1872.
Lord North Brook (1872-76)
Visit of the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) to India in 1875.
  • His resignation over the Afghan question.
Lord Lytton (1876-80)
Royal Titles Act of 1876 and the assumption of the title of ‘Empress of India’ by Queen Victoria; the Delhi-Durbar in January 1877.
  • Vernacular Press Act and the Arms Act of 1878.
  • Second Afghan War of (1878-80)
  • Appointment of the first Famine Commission under Sir Richard Strachey in 1878.
Lord Ripon (1880-84)
First Factory Act of 1881.
  • First Census taken in India (1881)-254 millions.
  • Introduction of Local Self-Government in 1882.
  • Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act in 1882.
  • Division of the finances of the center in 1882.
  • Appointment of an Educational Commission under Sir William Hunter in 1882.
  • The libert Bill Controversy (1883).
  • Coming into existence of the Famine Code in 1883.
Lord Dufferin (1884-88)Third Burmese war (1885-86)Foundation of the Indian National Congress (Lord Cross was the Secretary of State at that time).
Lord Lansdowne (1888-94)
Second Factory Act of 1891.
  • Division of the Civil Services into Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate.
  • Indian Councils Act of 1892.
  • Appointment of the Durand Commission and its definition of the Durand Line between British India and Afghanistan (now between Pakistan and Afghanistan) in 1893.
Lord Elgin II (1894-99)
Assassination of two British officials by the Chapekar brothers of Poona in 1897.

Lord Curzon (1899-1905)

Appointment of a commission under Sir Thomas Raleigh in 1902 to suggest reforms regarding universities, and the passing of the Indian Universities Act of 1904 on the basis of its recommendations.
· Ancient Monuments Preservation Act of 1904.
· Establishment of an Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa in Delhi.
· Partition of Bengal in 1905.
· Col.Younghusband’s Expedition to Tibet in 1904. I.S.T.
Lord Minto II (1905-10)
Anti-Partition and Swadeshi Movements.
  • Surat Session and split in the Congress (1907)
  • Minto-Morley Reforms or the Indian Councils Act of 1909.
  • Foundation of the Muslim League by the Aga Khan, the Nawab of Dacca, etc, in 1906.
Lord Hardinge II (1910-16)
Annulment of the partition of Bengal and creation of a Governorship for Bengal like Bombay and Madras in 1911. (Lieutenant Governorship for Bihar and Orissa, and Chief Commissionership for Assam).
  • Transfer of the Imperial capital from Calcutta to “Delhi (1911).
  • Coronation Durbar of King George V and Queen Mary at Delhi (December, 1911).
  • Death of G.K.Gokhale in 1915.Division of Bengal repealed
  • Foundation of the Hindu Mahasabha in 1915 by Madan Mohan Malviya and some Punjabi leaders.
Lord Chelmsford (1916-21)
Foundation of two Home Rule League – one by Tilak in April, 1916 and another by Mrs. Annie Besant in September, 1916.
  • Lucknow session and the reunion of the Congress (1916) (Mrs.Besant played an important role in the reunion).
  • Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the Muslim League in 1916. (Tilak played an important role in this).
  • Return of Gandhi to India (1915); foundation of the Sabarmati ashram (1916); Champaran satyagraha (the first time Gandhi experimented his new technique in India-1917); satyagraha at Ahmadabad (1918); Khaira satyagraha (1918).
  • August Declaration (1917) by Montague, the then Secretary of State, and Montford reforms or the Government of India Act of 1919.
  • Resignation of some veteran leaders led by S.N. Banerji from the Congress, and their foundation of the Indian Liberal Federation (1918).
  • Rowlatt Act (March, 1919)and the Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre (13th April, 1919)
  • Death of Tilak on Ist August, 1920.
  • Formation of the Khilafat Committee and the launching of the Khilafat Movement (1919-20).
  • Launching of the Non-cooperation Movement (1920-22).
  • Nagpur session of the Congress (Dec. 1920-kchanges in the constitution of the Congress.
  • Foundation of the Women’s University at Poona (1916)
  • Appointment of Sir S.P. Sinha as Lieutenant Governor of Bihar (Sir Sinha was the first Indian to become a Governor and the second Indian to become a member of the British Parliament, the first being Dadabhai Naoroji).
Lord Reading (1921-26)
Chauri Chaura incident (February 5, 1922) and the withdrawal of the Non-cooperation Movement by Gandhi.
  • Formation of the Swaraj Party by C.R. Das (Deshbandu) and Motilal Nehru in December 1922.
  • Foundation of the Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangha (RSS) by K.B.Hedgewar at Nagpur in 1925.
  • Repeal of the Rowlatt Act.
  • Holding of simultaneous examinations for the ICS in England and India with effect from 1923.
  • Beginning of Indianisation of the officer’s cadre of the Indian army.
  • Foundation of the Communist Party of India in 1925.
Lord Irwin (1926-31)(Popularly known as the ‘Christian Viceroy’)
Appointment of the Simon Commission (Nov. 1927) and the boycott of the Commission by the Congress.
  • Appointment of the Harcourt Butler Indian States Commission in Nov.1927 (to recommend measures for the establishment of better relations between the Indian states and the Central Govt.). and the convening of the All India Civil Services Coaching Centre States People’s Conference in Dec. 1927 by the states’ people in response.
  • ‘Deepavali Declaration’ by Lord Irwin (on 31st, 1929) that India would be granted dominion status in due course.
  • Lahore session of the Congress (Deg. 1929) and the Poorna Swaraj resolution; Fixing 26th Jan. 1930 as the first Independence Day.
  • Launching of the Civil Disobedience Movement by Gandhi with his Dandi March (12th March, 1930), boycott of the first session of the Round Table Conference by the Congress (1930), Gandhi-Irwin pact and the suspension of the movement (March 1931).
Lord Wellingdon (1931-36) Participation of Gandhi in the second session of the Round Table Conference (Sep. 1931) and the failure of the conference, return of Gandhi to India (Dec.1931) and resumption of the movement, Gandhi’s imprisonment, final suspension of the movement in May, 1934.
  • Third session of the Round Table Conference in London (1932) without the representation of the Congress.
  • Announcement of the ‘Communal Award’ by Ramsay Macdonald, British P.M. (1932); Gandhi’s fast unto death in the Yeravadi prison and the Poona Pact between Gandhi and Ambedkar (Sept.1932).
  • Government of India Act of 1935.
  • Separation of Burma from India (1935).
  • Foundation of the Congress/Socialist Party by Acharya Narendra Dev and Jai Prakash Narayan (1934).
  • Formation of the All-India Kisan Sabha in 1936.
Lord Linlithgow (1936-43)
Formation of Congress Ministries in majority of the provinces (1937).
Resignation of Subhas Chandra Bose from the Presidentship of the Congress as well as from its membership in 1939, formation of the Forward Block by Bose and his followers (1939).
Resignation of the Congress Ministries after the out break of the World War II (1939).
Celebration of the Congress Ministries’ resignation as ‘Deliverance Day’ by the Muslim League (1939), and its Lahore Resolution (23rd March, 1940), demanding separate state for the Muslims. (It was at this session that Jinnah propounded his Two-Nation Theory).
August Offer’ by Linlithgow (1940); its rejection by the Congress and the starting of individual satyagraha by Gandhi.
Escape of S.C. Bose from India in 1941.
Cripps Mission (March, 1942) offering Dominion Status to India, and its rejection by the Congress.
Passing of the ‘Quit India’ Resolution by the Congress at Bombay (8th August, 1942), arrest of all the Congress leaders and the outbreak of the ‘August Revolution’ or Revolt of 1942.
Lord Wavell (1943-47)
C.R.Formula evolved by C.Rajagopala Chari in 1944 and the Gandhi-Jinnah Talks (1944) based on it: failure of the talks.Famine in Bengal
-Wavell Plan and the Simla Conference (1945) to discuss it; its failure.
-INA Trials and the Naval Mutiny (1946).
-Cabinet Mission (Three members-Lawrence, Cripps and Alexander) and acceptance of its plan by both the Congress and the League (1946)
-Formation of Interim Government by the Congress (Sep. 1946).
-Launching of ‘Direct Action Day’ by the League (17th Aug. 1946) but it also joined the Interim Govt. in Oct. 1946, though it abstained from the Constituent Assembly.
Lord Mountbatten (March-August, 1947) Mountbatten plan; partition of India and achievement of freedom. Also First governor General of Free India –Gandhi murder-Kashmir annexation
C.Rajajai :Second and Last GG of Independent India-


PARTITION OF BENGAL

PARTITION OF BENGAL

1. Reason: Curzon’s imperialist policy of ‘divide and rule’ manifested itself most glaringly in the partition pf Bengal. The reasons given were --The area and population of the Provinces of Bengal was too large. There was a problem of communication. Highways were not safe. The peasants of this province were a harassed lot.
2. But actually the cause behind the partition was much more political than administrative. Bengal was becoming the nerve centre of nationalist activities in India.
3. On 19 July 1905 the Government of India formally proposed the partition of Bengal. According to this proposal Chittagong, Rajshahi and Dacca were merged with Assam to form the new province.
4. The proposed area of the new province was fixed at 1 lakh 6 thousand 5 hundred 40 square miles and its population was 3 crore 10 lakh out of which the Muslims accounted for 1 crore 80 lakh and Hindus 1 crore 20 lakh.
5. Curzon announced the partition of Bengal on 16 October 1905. Sir Aurobindo’s Ghosh (1872-1950) played a prominent parting the nationalist movement of India. Particularly his contribution to the movement against the partition of Bengal was unparalleled. Sir Aurobindo left Baroda to work in the National College in Calcutta with a view to make education compatible to the national needs. The National College in Calcutta had been established on 14 August 1906. Sir Aurobindo’s second revolutionary contribution was the editing of the Bande Mataram paper. A series of seven articles published by Sir Aurobindo’s, between 11 and 23 April 1907 under the heading, ‘Doctrine of Passive Resistance’ in Bande Mataram became very popular. The Partition of Bengal infused a sense of nationalism among the Indians and also gave birth to the swadeshi movement which galvanized the masses against the partition of Bengal. Since 16 October 1905, the reactions against the partition of Bengal started taking shape. This day was observed as a ‘Black Day’. People took holy dip in the Ganga and kept vows. They also tied Rakhi in each other’s hand as symbol of unity.(Partition of Bengal was annulled in 1911 by Lord Hardine.)

MODERN INDIA HISTORY


1.Shakespeare termed India as a land of ‘great opportunities’. Hegel called India as the ‘land of desires’. Until 15th Century there were three trade routes only. First route to Caspian and Black Seas through Central Asia; Second to Mediterranean Sea through Syria. Third route to Egypt via Red Sea. But in 1453 with the conquest of Constantinople by Turkish all the routes were closed.
2.Portugese: Vasco da Gama reached Calicut on 20.5.1498 and Zamorin King welcomed him. This new Sea route via ‘Cape of Good Hope’ and discovery of America were termed as two greatest by Adam Smith. He again came in 1502. First Governor was Fransiscl Almedia. In 1509 Alfonso d’ Albuyquerque came to India as Portuguese Governor and captured Goa from Bijapur in 1510. Capital transferred from Cochin to Goa in 1530 by by Nino- da cuncha,. Lost Hoogli in 1631 to Shajahan.1661 Bombay given Royal dowry toCharles II for marrying Catherine. But they could not continue in India due to religious intolerance and piracy. They taught us tobacco cultivation. Goa freed in 1961
3.Dutch – In 1595 Dutch merchants started going to India They formed Dutch East India Company(VOC) in 1602. They established a few trading depots at Surat, Cambay, Ahmedabad.Lost to British in 1759 in the battle of Bedara 1759.
4.East India Company – It was originally known as Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies and Queen Elizabeth I granted royal charter on 31.12.1600. The first Governor was Thomas Smith and Groups were known as ‘Merchant Adventurers’. Hawkins was given 400 manasabs by Jahangir. In 1615 James I sent his Ambassador Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of Jahangir. First they started factory at Surat, in 1633 at Musulipattam. Fort St. George was constructed in 1640 and a factory was opened at Bangalore in 1642.
a) Got madras in 1639 from Raja of Chandagiri and Fort St George
b). In 1661 Bombay was received as royal dowry from Portuguese for marrying their Princess Catherine Braganza with Charles II. The Company got it from the King in 1668 for an annual rent of 10pounds.
c) In 1715 three villages Sutanati, Kalikota and Govindpur got by Hamiltongained firman in 1717 called magna carta of the company.
5) Danes: Came in 1616 Coy- Tarangampadi- Serambore capital.Sold all settlements to British in 1845.
6) French: 1664 company- First factory at Suratr and machilipattinam- First governor wasFrancois Martin- Dupliex powerful and Carnatic Wars.
7.Carnatic War French were the last to come – a.First war 1745 to 1748 – due to capture of French ship by Barmett and Duplleix opposed it . Fought at St, Thome and French won. However end of war of Austria also ended this war and Madras was given to English.
b.Second war 1749-54. French supported Muzaffar Jung and Chanda Sahib. French lost and Arcot was captured by Clive. Chanda Sahib executed.
c.Third War – Outbreak of seven years war in Europe and Capture of Chandra Nagoor by Clive led to the War.
8.Battle of Plassey 1757 – Between Siraj-ud-daula and British – British won and it paved a way for British Monarchy of Bengal – marked beginning of drain of wealth from India to Britain.
9.Battle of Buxar 1764 – Between Munro and Mir Quasim, Shuja-ud-daula and Shah Alam II. British won and became defacto rulers of Bengal.
10.Anglo Maratha War. a.First 1775-1782 – defeated of Britain. b.Second – 1803-1805c.Third – 1817-1818.

INDIA IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY(SPK)

1.Political and other Conditions Generally it was fluid and past deteriorating. Disintegration of Mughal Empire, Growth of Marathas and Peshwas and rise of autonomous states and foreign invasions were the salient future. Women were treated badly and were victims of Saty, Child marriage, Infanticide, Purdha (both muslims and higher caste Hindus wore it) and Devadasi system in Orissa and Tamil Nadu.
2.Disintegration of the Mughal Empire
I.It started with death of Aurangzeb in 1707. During Shah Alam II its boundary shrink from ‘Alam to Palam’ - Red Fort to Village.
II.Three sons of Aurangzeb fought a.Muhammad Muazzam was first son called Bahadur Shan I – captured power and prevented demolitions of temples. He was called Shah-I-Bekhabar b.Second son was Muhammad Azam and was killed c. Third son was Kam Bakhas who was favourites to his father and was called ‘Deen Panah’ (Saviour of the religion)
III.In 1712 Jahandar Shah came to throne with the support of Zulfikar Khan. He did away Jaziya tax. He honoured Rana Jai Singh of Amer as ‘Sawai’.
IV.He was killed by Farrukh Siyar with the help of Saiyid brothers and he rulled from 1713-1719. Saiyid brothers were Abdulla Khan and Hussain Ali Khan. Who were known as ‘king makers’.
V.After death of Siyar, two princes Rafi-ud-Darajat and Daula came to throneand finally Muhammad Shah rulled Delhi from 1719-1748. HENCE DURING 1719 THERE WERE FOUR MULSIMS RULERS.
vi.After death of Muhammad Shah his son Ahmad Shah ruled for six years from 1748-1754. During his period Ahmad Shah Abdali raided India several times.
VII.Hence Aziz-ud-din came to throne and was called Alamgir II. His successors were Shah Alam II 1759-1806, Akbar Shah II 1806-1837 and Bahadur Shah II 1837-1857.
VIII.There were many manasabs in the Mughal Court. They were Irani from Iran, Turani from Central Asia, Afgan and Hindustani. Saiyid brothers were Hindustani. If Saiyid brothers continued they would have succeeded in establishing frank and powerful Government.
3.Maratha Power
I.After Ahahuji Raja Ram came to throne. II.Shahiji was released by Bahadur Shah I. III.Civil War between Shahuji and Tara Bai widow of Rajaram. IV.Shahuji appointed Balaji Vishwanath as first Peshwa which was hereditary. Second Peshwa was Baji Rao and third was Balaji Baji Rao and last was Baji Rao II. Their seat of power was Poona. They own many baters but lost the crucial third batter of Panipat. Even though they own Hydrabad in 1760.
4.Rice of Autonomous Statesa.Awadh – Saadat Khan established. He was also called Burhan-ul-Mulk. He joint hands with Nadir Shah and later committed to suicide. Safdarjand and Shuja-ud-Daula were prominent rulers.
b.Bengal in 1700 – Murshid Quli Khan became Diwan of Bengtal.
c.Hydrabad Nisamk-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah found it in 1724 and found Asafjahi dynasty. It entered with subsidiary alliance of Britian.
d.Mysore – I.Haider Ali associated with first two An glo Mysore Wars and killed in second war. First he was appointed as Faujdar of Dindigul. First war (1767-1769) – He conquered Malabar and Coorg. Second Anglo war 1780-1784 and he died in 1782.
II.Tipu Sultan – Ruled from 1782-1799. His attempt to remove commander of Bednur was vital. During his period treaty of Mangalore find after second war and he withdrew from Carnatic. In 1787 he proclaimed himself as kPadshah. Third Anglo Mysore war 1790-1792 and jktreaty of Seringapattam and he paid three crore rupees. Fourth war 1799 and Tipu was killed. He sent Ambassador to Foreign Country
e.Kerala – Started by King Martanda Verma. In 1805 Travancore joind subsidiary alliance with Britain.
f.Rajput – Sawai Jai Singh built Jaipur. He was expert in Geometry, Trignometry and Sanskrit.
g.Sikhs – He started with Guru Nanak Dev. Guru Gobind Singh was the 10th and last Guru and he formed Sikh Khalsa with 12 Sikh confederations (misls). Ranjit Singh was Ch8ief of Misls.
h.Assam – It was also known as Kamrup and Pragjyotishpur. They resisted all foreign invasions.
5.Foreign Invasions – a. Nadir Shah – Persian ruler whose father was Shepherd. In 1738 he conquered Kandhar. In 1739 he invaded India and fight at Karnal. He defeated Nadir Shah. He took seventy crore rupees and also peacock throne built by Shah Jahan and famous Kohinoor diamond. b.In 1747 Nadir Shah was assassinated. Ahmad Shah Abdali became ruler and invaded seven times India and looted many properties. His significant win was third battle of Panipat, which was fifth invasions in which he defeated Marathas in 1761 under Baji Rao I. Even to day there is a memorial at Panipat in honour of Marathas soldiers who were killed.
THE BRITISH ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE AND ORGANISATION OF GOVERNMENT IN INDIA (1757-1857)
-Until 1765, the East India Company was basically a trading concern.
  • Lord Clive, during his second term as Governor, established Diarchy in Bengal and this system was continued for 7 years.`
  • The College established by Lord Wellesley, at Fort Williams in 1800 which integrated training in history, customary laws and languages did not find the favour of the Court of Directors and it was continued only language training School till 1854.
  • The Company established in 1806 its own training College in England in the name of East India College at Hailsbury.
Cornwallis first Governor General established a regular police force on the British pattern in India.
The Supreme Court held its proceedings on the basis of English laws. The Sadar Diwani and Sadar Nizamat Adalats (Criminal) operated on the basis of Indian laws.
The first Law Commission constituted to codify and improve rules and regulations was framed Indian Penal Code (IPC) which came into effect in 1860.
Warren Hastings established a Board of Revenue to improve the system of revenue administration. .
In 1854, Sir Charles Wood sent a comprehensive dispatch on education to the Government of India in which the issues regarding the establishment of departments of public instructions in five provinces of the Company, promotion of western education in English and Indian languages and the pattern of grants in aid to encourage private participation in the field of education were recommended.
Despatch recommended the establishment of one University each in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras, on the Model of the London University. In 1857 the three Universities were established on the basis of Wood’s recommendation.
In July 1856, J.P.Grant, a member of the Governor General’s Council tabled a bill supporting widow remarriage was passed on 13 July 1856 and came to be called the Widow Remarriage Act 1856.
In 1846 the minimum marriageable age for a girls was only 10 years. In 1891, through the enactment of the Age of Consent Act, this was raised to 12 years.
In 1930, through the Sharda Act, the minimum age was raised to 14 years.
After independence, the limit was raised to 15 and 18 years, respectively in 1948 and 1978.
Equal rights were given to men and women only after independence through the 1956 Right to Hindu Inheritance of Property Act to own property.
In 1917, the issue of women franchise was taken up in relation to the elections for the Provincial Councils, Municipalities and other local self-governing bodies. Prominent women leaders of this time like Sarojini Naidu, Meera Behn, Masturba Gandhi and Rajkumari Amrit Kaur played significant roles in this regard.
The Government of India Act of 1935 granted limited franchise to the Indian women.
Mahatma Gandhi brought out a paper, the Harijan, and also organized the Harijan Sevak Sangh. The Ryotwari settlement was introduced mainly in Madras, Berar, Bombay and Assam.
In 1833, the Mahalwari settlement was introduced in the Punjab, the Central Provinces and parts of north western provinces (Present UP)
. Kutch, Sind and Punjab were known for manufacturing arms; Kolhapur, Satara, Gorkhpur, Agra, Chittor and Palaghat had earned a reputation for their glass industries.Despite enjoying fame in the world, the Indian handicraft industry had begun to decline by the beginning of the 18th century.
  • In 1769, the first steam engine was invented. Comet Napoleon used the first steamer in 1812 in an expedition to Russia.
  • The first railway line was developed between Bombay to Thane. Its inauguration was done on 16 April 1853. First Telegraph Line 1852 between Calcutta and Agra. Postal 1854.

1857 REVOLT(SPK)

1. It was a land mark in Indian history. It was termed as first war of Independence by Savarkar. But ridiculed as Sepoy Mutiny by British as only a part of central India participated in it. Any way it was starting point against British Rule. Had it succeeded, there would has been a different chapter in the History of India.
2. Previous Mutinies – Bengal 1764, Vellore 1806, 47th Regiment 1824 and 34th, 22nd, 66 and 37 native infantry in 1844, 1849, 1850 and 1852.
3. Reasons for the Revolt- It can be divided into individual Reasons and social, Economic, political and administrative Reasons
4. Individual Reasons
a) Grievance of Native Rulers – Doctrine of Lapse – Annexation of Awadh abolition of titles. Successor of Bahadur Shah would be known as princes.
b) Grievance of Sepoys – Para 2 above c)Grievance of Orthodox and conservative people – Domination of Christian missionary- abolition of Sati, widow remarriage act, protection of converts from Hinduism 1856
d)Grievance of crafts man, peasants and Zamindars Village and crap destroy, Zamindars affected by permanent settlement and strict collection of Revenue
5. Economic Causes – Heavy Taxation Borrowed from Money lenders – drain of wealth – Destruction ofvillage industries and crafts manship and permanent settlement
b) Political Cause – Subsidiary Allowance, doctrine of lapse
c) Social Cause – Conversion, Sati, Widow Re-marriage
d) Administrative Cause: Corruption
6) Immediate cause – Introduction of New Enfield Rifle in January 1867 with Greased Cartridge with fat of Cows and Pigs – Sepoys of 19th N.I. at Berhampur disobey on 26.02.1957 and Mangal Pandey of 34 N.I. at Barakpur started it.
7. Courses of Revolt
a) Beginning 10.05.1957. Sepoy at Merut started – British tried to control by declaring Bahadur Shah as Emperor of India – No effect – Massacre of British Civil Military Officers.
b) Spread – to various Places as detailed below.
c)Centres, leaders and suppression
I. Delhi – Bahadur Shah II – Arrested and deported to Rangoon
II Kanpur – Nana sahib, Tantiatope – Killed at Gwaliar III Lucknow – Begum of Awadh – defeated Bihar - Kunwar Singh
IV Jansi – Rani Lakshmi Bai – She Captured Gwaliar – Lost later
8. Reasons for failure : a) Only Central region participated
b) Un Sympathetic attitude and Hostility of many native rulers seek non participation by Bengal, Punjab, Bombay, Madras c) Hostility of Money lenders and Merchants
e) Weakness of Revolters f)Strong British
9) Hindu Muslim unity factor – First time Witnessewd –Accepted Bahadur Shah – Sentiment of Both respected – Ban on Cow slaughter ordered – Both Hindu and Muslim were included in main positions .
Conclusion: It was not successful due to factors mentioned above – yet it was starting point. It was more than Sepoy- Mutiny – Due to these there was major transformation in British policy- Try divide and rule by provoking Muslims. Above all company’s rules ended.


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Website Address of Universities in INDIA




Website Address of Universities in INDIA

Name of the Institution Website Address
Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) www.amu.ac.in
All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) www.aiims.edu/
Allahabad University (AU) www.allduniv.edu/
Alagappa University  www.aluniv.org/
Amaravati University www.sgbau.ac.in/
Andra University  www.andhrauniversity.info/
Anna University, Chennai www.annauniv.edu
Annamalai University annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/
Arunachal University www.arunachaluniversity.ac.in/
Assam Administrative Staff College (AASC) aasc.nic.in/
Assam University  assamuniversity.nic.in/
Banaras Hindu University (BHU) www.bhu.ac.in
Banasthali Vidhyapith  www.banasthali.org/banasthali/avs/home/
Bengal Engineering  (BEC) www.becs.ac.in
Barkatullah Vishwavidhyalaya, Bhopal www.bubhopal.nic.in/
Berhampur University bamu.nic.in/
Bharathidasan university, Tamil Nadu  www.bdu.ac.in/
Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu www.b-u.ac.in
Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University  www.bharatividyapeeth.edu/
Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany http://www.bsip.res.in/home.htm
Birla Institute of Technology www.bits-pilani.ac.in
Birsa Agricultural University www.icar.org.in/birsa/BAU.htm
Board of Intermediate Education, AndhraPradesh bieap.gov.in/
Bose Institute, Kolkata www.boseinst.ernet.in/
Bundelkhand University www.bundelkhanduniv.org/
Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) www.cbse.nic.in/
Central Hindi Directorate hindinideshalaya.nic.in/
Central Institute of Educational Technology (CIET) www.ciet.nic.in/
Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages (CIEFL) http://www.ciefl.ac.in/
Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE) www.icar.org.in/cife/index.htm
Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL) www.ciil.org/
Central Institute of Road Transport (CIRT), Pune www.cirtpune.com
Central Institute of Fisheries Education (Mumbai).  www.icar.org.in/cife/intro.htm
Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies www.smith.edu/cihts/
Central Library, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras www.cenlib.iitm.ac.in/
Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) www.cmfri.com/
Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT) ccrtindia.org
Centre for Entrepreneurship Development of Karnataka (CEDOK) nitpu3.kar.nic.in/cedok/
Chandigarh College Of Architecture  cca.nic.in
Christian Medical College Vellore www.cmch-vellore.edu/
Ch. Charan Singh University www.ccsuniversity.org
Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology csauk.ac.in/
Chhatrapati shahu Ji Maharaj University www.kanpuruniversity.org/
Cochin University of Science And Technology (CUSAT) www.cusat.ac.in
College of Engineering & Technology, Bhubaneswar www.cetindia.org/
Commisssion for Scientific and Technical Terminology (CSTT) cstt.nic.in/
Common Entrance Test (CET) Cell, Karnataka cet.kar.nic.in/
Delhi College of Engineering http://www.dce.edu/
Department of Adult and Continuing Education, University of Madras www.universityofmadras.edu/
Department of Biotechnology, Sindhu Mahavidyalaya geocities.com/biotechsmv/
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, IITK www.cse.iitk.ac.in/
Department of Electronics, Cochin University of Science & Technology www.doe.cusat.edu
Department of Geology, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University www.geolmlsu.org/
Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya www.dauniv.ac.in/
Dibrugarh Universit(Dibrugarh).  www.dibru.ernet.in/
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University (Dr. BRAOU) www.baou.org/
Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, www.bamu.net/
Dravidian University  www.dravidianuniversity.ac.in/
Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar  www.sagaruniversity.nic.in/
Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry www.yspuniversity.ac.in/
Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Regional Engineering College, Jalandhar recjal.nic.in/
Educational Media Research Center (EMRC) http://www.emrc.org/
Facilitation Centre for Industrial Plasma Technologies (FCIPT) www.plasmaindia.com
Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi www.fms.edu/
Fr.Muller's Institute of Medical education and Research Mangalore www.fathermuller.com 
Forest Research Institute www.icfre.org/institutes2/fri.htm
Footwear Design and Development Institute (FDDI) www.fddiindia.com
Gandhigram Rural Institute www.ruraluniv.org
Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh gmch.nic.in
Gujarat University http://www.gujaratuniversity.org.in
Gujarat Agricultural University gau.guj.nic.in
Gujarat Ayurved University http://www.ayurveduniversity.com/
Gujarat Vidyapith www.gujaratvidyapith.org/
Gulbarga University www.gulbargauniversity.kar.nic.in/
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University ggsipu.nic.in
Gauhati University (Gauhati). gu.nic.in/
Goa University www.goauniversity.org
Gokhale Institute Of Politics & Economics  www.gipe.ernet.in/
Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology www.gbpuat.ac.in/
Guru Jambheshwar University (Hisar).  www.gju.ernet.in/
Gurukula KangriVishwavidyalaya gkvharidwar.org/
Guwahati Medical College and Hospital gmchassam.nic.in
Harcourt Butler Technological Institute www.hbti.edu
Hidayatullah National Law University, Chhattisgarh  www.hnlu.ac.in/
Harish Chandra Mathur Rajasthan State Institute of Public Administration (HCMRIPA) www.hcmripa.org/
Haryana Institute of Public Administration (HIPA) hipa.nic.in
Himachal Pradesh University hpuniv.nic.in
Homi Bhabha Centre For Science Education (HBCSE) www.hbcse.tifr.res.in
Indian School of Mines (ISM) www.ism-dhanbad.org
Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) http://www.iari.res.in/
Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI) http://www.iasri.res.in/
Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) www.iacs.res.in/
Indian Association of Social Science Institutions (IASSI) iassi.nic.in/
Indian Diamond Institute http://www.diamondinstitute.net/
Indian Institute of Advanced Study (IIAS) www.iias.org
Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship iie.nic.in
Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT) www.iift.edu/
Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM) www.iifm.org/
Indian Institute of Information Technology ( IIIT), Kolkata www.iiit-c.org
Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Bangalore www.iiitb.ac.in
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad (IIITA) www.iiita.ac.in
Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA) www.iimahd.ernet.in
Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore (IIMB) www.iimb.ernet.in
Indian Institute of Management, Indore www.iimidr.ac.in
Indian Institute of Management, Kolkata (IIMC) www.iimcal.ac.in
Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode (IIMK) www.iimk.ac.in
Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow www.iiml.ac.in
Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC) http://www.iimc.nic.in/
Indian Institute of Packaging www.iip-in.com
Indian Institute of Science (IISC), Bangalore www.iisc.ernet.in
Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management (IISWBM) www.iiswbm.edu
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi www.iitd.ernet.in
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur www.iitk.ac.in
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur www.iitkgp.ernet.in
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras www.iitm.ac.in
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (IITB) http://www.iitb.ac.in/
Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati (IITG) www.iitg.ernet.in
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee (IITR) www.rurkiu.ernet.in
Indian Railways Institute of Electrical Engineering (IRIEEN) www.irieen.com
Indian School of Mines (ISM) www.ismdhanbad.ac.in
Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore www.isibang.ac.in
Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi www.isid.ac.in
Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata www.isical.ac.in
Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR) www.igidr.ac.in
Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) http://www.ignou.ac.in/
Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Academy (IGRUA civilaviation.nic.in/igrua/indira.htm
Information and Library Network Centre (INFLIBNET) www.inflibnet.ac.in
Institute for Plasma Research (IPR) www.plasma.ernet.in
Institute for Studies in Industrial Development (ISID) isidev.nic.in
Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) www.icai.org
Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children ich.tn.nic.in
Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) icsiindia.org/index.asp
Institute of Cost And Works Accountants of India (ICWAI) www.icwai.org
Institute of Economic Growth ieg.nic.in
Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT) www.csir.res.in/ihbt
Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition http://ihmgoa.nic.in/
Institute of Judicial Training and Research (IJTR) ijtr.nic.in
Institute of Mathematical Sciences http://www.imsc.res.in/
Institute of Physics (IOP) www.iopb.res.in
Institute of Rural Management, Anand http://www.irma.ac.in/
Inter University Consortium for Department of Atomic Energy Facilities (IUC-DAEF), Calcutta www.iuc.res.in
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) www.iipsindia.org
Jadavpur University www.jadavpur.edu
Jain Vishva Bharati Institute www.jvbi.ac.in/
Jamia Millia Islamia jmi.nic.in
Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER) www.jipmer.edu
Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) www.jncasr.ac.in
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU) www.jntu.ac.in
Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) www.jnu.ac.in
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya www.sagaruniversity.nic.in/
Kakatiya University www.kuwarangal.com
Kalmathada Pujya Shri Virupaksha Sivacharya Ayurved  Medical College, Raichur http://www.ayurvediccollegemanvi.org
Kannada University(Kamalapura) www.kannadauniversity.org/
Karnatak University(Dharwad).  www.kud.ernet.in/
Karnatak State Open University http://www.ksoumysore.com/
Kendriya Hindi Sansthan hindi.nic.in
Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan http://kvsangathan.nic.in/
Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology (KMIO) www.kar.nic.in/kidwai
Kumaun University www.kumaununiversity.org/
Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education (LNIPE) www.lnipe.edu
Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration(LBSNAA) www.lbsnaa.ernet.in
Madurai Kamaraj University www.mkuniversity.org/
Madras Institute of Development Studies (MIDS) mids.tn.nic.in
Maharana  Pratap University of Agrilcuture & Technology  www.mpuat.ac.in/
Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda (MSUB) http://www.msubaroda.ac.in/
 MahatmaGandhiState Institute of Public Administration, Punjab (MGSIPAP) www.mgsipap.org
Mahatma Phule KrishiVidyapeeth  mpkv.mah.nic.in/
 Maharshi Dayanand University www.mdurohtak.com
M.J.P. Rohilkhand University mjpru.ac.in/
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
http://www.manipal.edu/
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University  www.msuniversitytvl.net/
Mangalore University www.mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/
Malaviya Regional Engineering College recjai.nic.in
Maulana Azad National Urdu University manuu.ac.in/
Mehta Research Institute of Physics & Mathematical Physics www.mri.ernet.in
Mission Reach www.missionreach.org
Mizoram University www.mzu.edu.in/
Medical College Trivandrum
www.mctrivandrum.com 
MIT Accreditation of Computer Courses (DOEACC) www.doeacc.org.in
Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur www.mlsu.org
Motilal Nehru Regional Engineering College, Allahabad (MNREC) mnrec.nic.in
M.S. University of Baroda www.msubaroda.ac.in/
Nagarjuna University www.nagarjunauniversity.ac.in/
Nagpur University (Nagpur).  www.nagpuruniversity.org/
Nalanda Open University, www.nalandaopenuniversity.com
National Academy of Customs, Excise and Narcotics (NACEN) personal.vsnl.com/nacen/home.html
National Board of Examinations www.natboard.org
National Cadet Corps (NCC), Karnataka and Goa www.kar.nic.in/ncc
National Civil Defence College, Nagpur ncdcnagpur.nic.in
National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) ncert.nic.in
National Dairy Research Institute karnal.nic.in/res_ndri.asp
National Institute for Small Industries Extension Training (NISIET) www.nisiet.com
National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration (NIEPA) www.niepaonline.org
National Institute of Financial Management (NIFM) http://www.nifm.ac.in/
National Institute of Hydrology, Belgaum www.angelfire.com/bc/nihhrrc
National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee www.nih.ernet.in
National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE) www.nitie.edu
National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences (Bangalore).  www.nimhans.kar.nic.in/
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) www.niper.nic.in
National Law School of India University www.nls.ac.in
National Law University, Jodhpur http://www.nlujodhpur.ac.in/
National Research Centre for Mushroom (NRCM) www.nrcmushroom.com
National Resource Centre for Value Education valueeducation.nic.in
National Tuberculosis Institute (NTI), Bangalore http://ntiindia.kar.nic.in/
Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti navodaya.nic.in
Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology www.nsit.ac.in
Netaji Subhash Open University  http://www.wbnsou.com/
Networking of Social Scientists agrieconet.nic.in
Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences nims.ap.nic.in/
North Gujarat Univedrsity www.ngu.ac.in/
North Maharashtra University www.nmu.ac.in/default.asp
North Eastern Hill University,  www.nehu.ac.in/
N.T.R. University of Health Sciences http://59.163.116.210
Osmania University www.osmania.ac.in
Patna University, Patna. puonline.bih.nic.in/
Pandit RavishankarShukla University, www.prsu.ac.in/
Pondicherry Engineering College www.pec.edu
Pondicherry University www.pondiuni.org
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh pgimer.nic.in
PottiSreeramuluTeluguUniversity teluguuniversity.ac.in/
Punjab University, www.puchd.ac.in/
Punjabi University www.universitypunjabi.org
Rai University, Raipur www.raiuniversity.edu
Ranchi University www.ranchiuniversity.org/
Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya www.rdunijbpin.org
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences http://www.rguhs.ac.in/
Regional Engineering College, Durgapur recdgp.nic.in
Regional Engineering College, Hamirpur recham.ernet.in
Regional Engineering College, Kurukshetra reck.nic.in
Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli (RECT) rangoli.rect.ernet.in
Regional Engineering College, Warangal recw.nic.in
Regional Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur ritj.nic.in
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics www.saha.ernet.in
Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow www.sgpgi.ac.in
Sardar Patel College Of Engineering (SPCE) www.spce.edu
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy, Hyderabad www.svpnpa.gov.in
Sambalpur University  www.sambalpuruniversitypgc.in/
Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya ssvv.up.nic.in/
Sardar Patel University www.spuvvn.edu/
Saurashtra University www.saurashtrauniversity.edu/
Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) serc-dst.org
SGS Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai www.kem.edu
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology  www.icar.org.in/sherk/welcome.htm
Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences http://www.skims.ac.in/
Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Sanskrit Vidyapeeth, New Delhi www.slbsrsv.ac.in/home.asp
Shivaji University www.unishivaji.ac.in/
Sikkim Manipal University of Health, www.smuhmts.edu/smu/
South Gujarat University www.sgu.ernet.in/
Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute of  Medical Sciences & Technology (Trivandrum).  www.sctimst.ac.in/
Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning www.sssihl.edu.in/
Swamy Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University www.srtmun.org/
Sri Krishnadevaraya University skuniv.ap.nic.in/
Sri Vinkateswara University www.svuniversity.in/
State Institute of Education Technology, Hyderabad siethyd.nic.in
State Institute of Education Technology, Kerala sietkerala.nic.in
State Institute of Education Technology, Orissa sietorissa.nic.in
State Institute of Education Technology, Patna sietpatna.nic.in
State Institute of Education Technology, Pune sietpune.nic.in
State Institute of Education Technology, Uttar Pradesh diksha.nic.in
State Institute of Public Administration and Rural Development (SIPARD) sipard.nic.in
Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Chhattisgarh  www.csvtu.ac.in/
Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University www.tndalu.org/
Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University www.tnmmu.ac.in
Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education  tnuniv.ac.in/tansche/
Tamil Nadu Universities tnuniv.ac.in
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University  tnau.ac.in/
Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS) tanuvas.com
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) tifr.res.in
Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) tiss.edu
Tata Memorial Centre tatamemorialcentre.com
University of Burdwan buruniv.ac.in/
University of Calcutta, Calcutta caluniv.ac.in/
University Of Jammu jammuuniversity.in/
University Of Kashmir 203.129.216.164/index.html
University of Kalyani  klyuniv.ac.in/
University of Kerala keralauniversity.edu
University of Lucknow lkouniv.ac.in/
University of Mumbai mu.ac.in
University of Mysore uni-mysore.ac.in/
University of Pune unipune.ernet.in
University of Rajasthan uniraj.ernet.in/
University Department of Chemical Technology (UDCT), University of Mumbai udct.org
University of Agricultural Sciences uasbng.kar.nic.in
University of Delhi du.ac.in
University of Hyderabad www.uohyd.ernet.in/
University of Madras unom.ac.in/
Utkal University utkal-university.org/
V.V.Giri National Labour Institute vvgnli.org
Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI) vjti.ac.in
Veer Bahadur Sing Purvanchal University vbspu.ac.in/
Vidyasagar University vidyasagar.ac.in/
Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan visva-bharati.ac.in/
Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University  ycmou.com/



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